Crypto Market Analysis & Trend: Neutral/Trending Up
The crypto market’s showing signs of a potential upward trend over the next 8 hours. While the Fear and Greed Index, reported by Alternative.me on June 12, 2026, sits at 12 (extreme fear), other sources echo this cautious sentiment. However, recent price action for Bitcoin and Ethereum on June 11, 2026, tells a different story. Bitcoin was at $62,615.82 with a 1.50% 24h variation, and Ethereum traded at $1,660.84 with a 0.39% 24h variation. This suggests pockets of buying activity are emerging despite the widespread fear.
Market capitalization data for June 12, 2026, also supports a cautiously optimistic outlook. Bitcoin’s market cap climbed 3.42% to $1,273,718,877,821, with trading volume up 9.03%. Ethereum’s capitalization rose 3.17% to $201,775,713,182, accompanied by a 2.01% volume increase. Binance Coin and Ripple also posted gains in capitalization and volume. This broad-based uptick across major cryptocurrencies signals a strengthening market, even with the prevailing fear.
On-chain activity adds to the positive picture. On June 9, 2026, Bitcoin active addresses showed a 0.62% variation according to btc.com, indicating increased network engagement. The mining difficulty held steady at 138.96T from June 6th to June 12th, 2026, signaling a stable mining environment. The hash rate, however, jumped 7.03% on June 12, 2026, reaching 932.51B, which points to increased network security and participation.
The economic calendar for June 11, 2026, lists high-impact events like PPI and Jobless Claims data, which could introduce volatility. Still, the positive price action, market cap trends, and growing Bitcoin network activity lean towards a ‘Neutral/Trending Up’ outlook for the next 8 hours. Confidence in this forecast is moderate, given the persistent fear and potential economic event impacts.
What is important
The Fear and Greed Index consistently shows ‘extreme fear’ across the crypto market as of June 12, 2026, with values below 24 reported by multiple sources.
Despite this fearful sentiment, major cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum are showing positive price variations and increasing market capitalization and trading volumes as of June 12, 2026. This indicates a divergence between market sentiment and actual trading activity.
On-chain metrics, including active Bitcoin addresses and hash rate, are showing growth and stability, pointing to a healthy network. Mining difficulty has remained constant, suggesting a predictable mining environment.
Upcoming economic events on June 11, 2026, such as PPI and Jobless Claims data, pose a potential risk for increased market volatility.
Top 5 β Latest Headlines & Cryptocurrency News
π Bitcoin, Ethereum, XRP, Dogecoin Rally Over 2.5% As Analyst Flags Β΄ImminentΒ΄ Breakout
β Major cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, Ethereum, XRP, and Dogecoin are experiencing a rally exceeding 2.5%. An analyst has flagged an imminent breakout, suggesting significant upward potential for these digital assets. This surge indicates growing investor confidence and positive market momentum.
π Sanae TakaichiΒ΄s Government Passes Bill To Cut Taxes On Bitcoin, Ethereum Taxes In Japan From 55% To 20%
β Japan’s government has passed a bill to significantly reduce taxes on cryptocurrency gains. This move aims to boost the adoption and trading of digital assets like Bitcoin and Ethereum by lowering the tax rate from 55% to 20%. The reform is expected to foster innovation and attract more investment into the crypto space.
π BlackRock races Bitcoin income ETF toward potential launch
β BlackRock is reportedly accelerating its plans for a Bitcoin income ETF, aiming for a potential launch. This move signals increased institutional interest and competition in the cryptocurrency investment space, with the firm potentially seeking to offer a new avenue for investors to gain exposure to Bitcoin through an exchange-traded fund structure.
π XRP Gets AI Agent Payment Support in RippleΒ΄s XRPL AI Starter Kit as Executive Sees Billions Ahead
β Ripple’s XRP Ledger (XRPL) has introduced an AI starter kit, enabling AI agents to support XRP payments. This development is expected to drive significant growth and adoption for XRP, with executives anticipating billions in future value. The integration aims to streamline transactions and expand the utility of XRP within the digital asset ecosystem.
π Japan crypto bill advances with ETF, tax reform path: Report
β Japan is advancing its cryptocurrency market with significant tax reforms. The country is preparing to implement a new tax system for crypto assets, moving away from a high unrealized gains tax. This reform is expected to boost the domestic crypto industry and potentially pave the way for crypto ETFs, aligning Japan with global trends and fostering innovation.
Factors Driving the Growth β Market Sentiment
Keywords like ‘bitcoin’ (50 occurrences) and ‘cryptocurrency’ (25 occurrences) dominate positive news, showing their continued relevance. ‘Ethereum’ (16) and ‘xrp’ (14) also feature prominently. In negative contexts, ‘bitcoin’ (22) and ‘cryptocurrency’ (18) remain top, followed by ‘crypto’ (8) and ‘market’ (6). The mention of ‘bitcoin etfs’ (5) in negative keywords, contrasted with ‘etf’ (6) in positive ones, highlights mixed sentiment around these products. Overall, interest in established cryptocurrencies is high, but sentiment on specific developments like ETFs is divided.
Positive Terms β Sentiment Analysis
| Occurrences | Keyword |
|---|---|
| 50 | bitcoin |
| 25 | cryptocurrency |
| 18 | coinbase |
| 16 | ethereum |
| 14 | xrp |
| 9 | blockchain |
| 8 | ripple |
| 7 | rally |
| 7 | xrp ledger |
| 6 | etf |
Negative Terms β Sentiment Analysis
| Occurrences | Keyword |
|---|---|
| 22 | bitcoin |
| 18 | cryptocurrency |
| 8 | crypto |
| 6 | market |
| 5 | ai models |
| 5 | bitcoin etfs |
| 5 | laundering |
| 4 | investors |
| 4 | near |
| 4 | scheme |
Crypto Investor Fear & Greed Index
The Fear and Greed Index shows ‘extreme fear’ across the crypto market as of June 12, 2026. Multiple sources, including Alternative.me, BitcoinMagazinePro.com, and BitDegree.org, report values in the 0-24 range. Alternative.me, for example, recorded 12 on June 12, 2026. This consistent reading across platforms suggests widespread cautious or fearful sentiment among market participants, despite recent positive price movements in some major cryptocurrencies.
| Date | Value | Variation | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-06-12 00:00:00 | 12pt | 0pt | Alternative.me |
| 2026-06-11 00:00:00 | 12pt | 3pt | Alternative.me |
| 2026-06-10 00:00:00 | 09pt | 0pt | Alternative.me |
| 2026-06-12 00:00:00 | 12pt | 0pt | BitcoinMagazinePro.com |
| 2026-06-11 05:00:00 | 12pt | 3pt | BitcoinMagazinePro.com |
| 2026-06-11 00:00:00 | 09pt | 0pt | BitcoinMagazinePro.com |
| 2026-06-10 05:00:00 | 09pt | -1pt | BitcoinMagazinePro.com |
| 2026-06-10 00:00:00 | 10pt | 0pt | BitcoinMagazinePro.com |
| 2026-06-12 00:00:00 | 12pt | 0pt | BitDegree.org |
| 2026-06-11 00:00:00 | 12pt | 3pt | BitDegree.org |
| 2026-06-10 00:00:00 | 09pt | 0pt | BitDegree.org |
| 2026-06-12 01:00:00 | 17pt | -1pt | Coinstats.app |
| 2026-06-12 00:00:00 | 16pt | -1pt | Coinstats.app |
| 2026-06-12 00:00:00 | 18pt | 2pt | Coinstats.app |
| 2026-06-11 19:00:00 | 17pt | 1pt | Coinstats.app |
| 2026-06-11 06:00:00 | 16pt | 1pt | Coinstats.app |
| 2026-06-11 00:00:00 | 14pt | -1pt | Coinstats.app |
| 2026-06-11 00:00:00 | 15pt | 1pt | Coinstats.app |
| 2026-06-10 00:00:00 | 14pt | 0pt | Coinstats.app |
| 2026-06-10 00:00:00 | 15pt | 1pt | Coinstats.app |
| 2026-06-09 14:00:00 | 14pt | 0pt | Coinstats.app |
| 2026-06-12 00:00:00 | 12pt | 0pt | Milkroad.com |
| 2026-06-11 00:00:00 | 09pt | 0pt | Milkroad.com |
| 2026-06-11 00:00:00 | 12pt | 3pt | Milkroad.com |
| 2026-06-10 01:00:00 | 09pt | -1pt | Milkroad.com |
| 2026-06-10 00:00:00 | 10pt | 0pt | Milkroad.com |
Bitcoin: Active Addresses
On June 9, 2026, the total number of Bitcoin addresses was 1,516,967,474 according to bitaps.com, showing no variation that day. However, ‘Bitcoin Active Addresses’ from btc.com registered a 0.62% increase, reaching 606,611 addresses. This indicates increased network utilization, with more addresses actively transacting. Other address categories, like those holding over 0.0000001 BTC or over 1 BTC, showed minimal to no variation on June 9, 2026, suggesting stable balance distributions across different address tiers.
| Date | Addresses | Variation | Indicator | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-06-09 16:00:00 | 1,516,967,474 | 0.00% | Total Addresses | bitaps.com |
| 2026-06-09 16:00:00 | 606,611 | 0.62% | Bitcoin Active Addresses | btc.com |
| 2026-06-09 16:00:00 | 540,917 | 0.00% | Addresses with over 0 | bitaps.com |
| 2026-06-09 16:00:00 | 219,443 | 0.00% | Addresses with over 0.0000001 | bitaps.com |
| 2026-06-09 16:00:00 | 4,807,059 | 0.00% | Addresses with over 0.000001 | bitaps.com |
| 2026-06-09 16:00:00 | 11,996,887 | 0.00% | Addresses with over 0.00001 | bitaps.com |
| 2026-06-09 16:00:00 | 13,931,858 | 0.01% | Addresses with over 0.0001 | bitaps.com |
| 2026-06-09 16:00:00 | 12,075,609 | 0.00% | Addresses with over 0.001 | bitaps.com |
| 2026-06-09 16:00:00 | 8,314,047 | 0.00% | Addresses with over 0.01 | bitaps.com |
| 2026-06-09 16:00:00 | 3,527,054 | 0.00% | Addresses with over 0.1 | bitaps.com |
| 2026-06-09 16:00:00 | 825,465 | 0.00% | Addresses with over 1 | bitaps.com |
| 2026-06-09 16:00:00 | 130,299 | 0.00% | Addresses with over 10 | bitaps.com |
| 2026-06-09 16:00:00 | 17,977 | -0.02% | Addresses with over 100 | bitaps.com |
| 2026-06-09 16:00:00 | 1,960 | 0.00% | Addresses with over 1,000 | bitaps.com |
| 2026-06-09 16:00:00 | 82 | 0.00% | Addresses with over 10,000 | bitaps.com |
| 2026-06-09 16:00:00 | 4 | 0.00% | Addresses with over 100,000 | bitaps.com |
Economic events to move the cryptocurrency market
The economic calendar for June 11, 2026, highlights several high-impact events. These include various Producer Price Index (PPI) reports, such as ‘PPI-Final Demand Ex-Food, Energy & Trade Services β Y/Y’ and ‘PPI-Final Demand PPI-FD β Y/Y’, all marked as ‘High’ impact. Additionally, ‘Jobless Claims Initial Claims β Level’ and ‘Jobless Claims Initial Claims β Change’ are also high impact. These releases are expected to influence market sentiment and potentially introduce volatility into financial markets, including cryptocurrencies, due to their broader economic implications.
| Date | Impact | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 2026-06-12 14:00:00 | Moderate | Consumer Sentiment Year-ahead Inflation Expectations |
| 2026-06-12 14:00:00 | Moderate | Consumer Sentiment Index |
| 2026-06-11 14:30:00 | Moderate | EIA Natural Gas Report Week over Week |
| 2026-06-11 12:30:00 | High | PPI-Final Demand Ex-Food, Energy & Trade Services β Y/Y |
| 2026-06-11 12:30:00 | High | PPI-Final Demand Ex-Food, Energy & Trade Services β M/M |
| 2026-06-11 12:30:00 | High | PPI-Final Demand PPI-FD Services β Y/Y change |
| 2026-06-11 12:30:00 | High | PPI-Final Demand PPI-FD Goods β Y/Y change |
| 2026-06-11 12:30:00 | High | Jobless Claims Initial Claims β Level |
| 2026-06-11 12:30:00 | High | PPI-Final Demand Ex-Food & Energy β M/M |
| 2026-06-11 12:30:00 | High | Jobless Claims Initial Claims β Change |
| 2026-06-11 12:30:00 | High | Jobless Claims 4-Week Moving Average |
| 2026-06-11 12:30:00 | High | PPI-Final Demand PPI-FD Services β M/M change |
| 2026-06-11 12:30:00 | High | PPI-Final Demand PPI-FD β M/M |
| 2026-06-11 12:30:00 | High | PPI-Final Demand PPI-FD β Y/Y |
| 2026-06-11 12:30:00 | High | PPI-Final Demand Ex-Food & Energy β Y/Y |
| 2026-06-11 12:30:00 | High | PPI-Final Demand PPI-FD Goods β M/M change |
Crypto Assets Prices
As of June 11, 2026, Bitcoin traded at $62,615.82 with a 1.50% 24h variation. Ethereum was at $1,660.84, showing a 0.39% 24h variation. Binance Coin also moved positively, trading at $595.62 with a 1.19% 24h variation. These figures, especially the positive 24h variations for Bitcoin and Ethereum, suggest recent upward momentum for these major cryptocurrencies, contrasting with the broader ‘extreme fear’ sentiment reported elsewhere.
| Date | Cryptocurrency | Price | Price Variation | 24h Variation | 24h Variation Difference | 24h Volatility | 24h Volatility Difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-06-11 07:41:00 | Bitcoin | 62,615.82 | 1.38% | 1.50% | 3.80% | 3.69% | -0.31% |
| 2026-06-10 07:41:00 | Bitcoin | 61,750.00 | -2.33% | -2.29% | -2.14% | 4.00% | 1.15% |
| 2026-06-12 07:41:00 | Ethereum | 1,660.84 | 0.53% | 0.39% | -0.34% | 3.73% | -0.30% |
| 2026-06-11 07:41:00 | Ethereum | 1,652.08 | 0.62% | 0.73% | 3.00% | 4.02% | -0.27% |
| 2026-06-10 07:41:00 | Ethereum | 1,641.80 | -2.36% | -2.27% | -2.69% | 4.29% | 0.68% |
| 2026-06-11 07:41:00 | Binance Coin | 595.62 | 1.12% | 1.19% | 3.71% | 3.07% | -0.53% |
| 2026-06-10 07:41:00 | Binance Coin | 588.97 | -2.45% | -2.53% | -3.70% | 3.60% | 0.67% |
Cryptocurrency Capitalization and Volume
On June 12, 2026, major cryptocurrencies saw positive market capitalization and volume changes. Bitcoin’s market cap rose 3.42% to $1,273,718,877,821, with volume up 9.03%. Ethereum’s capitalization increased 3.17% to $201,775,713,182, and its volume grew 2.01%. Binance Coin’s capitalization climbed 3.23% to $81,562,750,596, with volume up 9.34%. Ripple also showed a 4.02% capitalization increase. Tether was the only exception, with a slight 0.01% decrease in capitalization but a 5.82% volume increase.
| Date | Cryptocurrency | Capitalization | Capitalization Variation | Volume | Volume Variation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-06-12 00:00:00 | Binance Coin | 81,562,750,596 | 3.23% | 713,967,803 | 9.34% |
| 2026-06-11 00:00:00 | Binance Coin | 79,013,526,446 | -1.22% | 652,955,275 | -11.23% |
| 2026-06-10 00:00:00 | Binance Coin | 79,986,992,111 | -1.37% | 735,551,701 | -4.28% |
| 2026-06-12 00:00:00 | Bitcoin | 1,273,718,877,821 | 3.42% | 30,084,845,269 | 9.03% |
| 2026-06-11 00:00:00 | Bitcoin | 1,231,644,986,920 | -0.37% | 27,592,713,184 | -31.50% |
| 2026-06-10 00:00:00 | Bitcoin | 1,236,162,584,291 | -2.18% | 40,283,796,833 | 16.29% |
| 2026-06-12 00:00:00 | Ethereum | 201,775,713,182 | 3.17% | 12,977,698,906 | 2.01% |
| 2026-06-11 00:00:00 | Ethereum | 195,572,822,104 | -1.09% | 12,722,030,741 | -12.96% |
| 2026-06-10 00:00:00 | Ethereum | 197,729,750,307 | -3.01% | 14,615,520,284 | -14.46% |
| 2026-06-12 00:00:00 | Ripple | 70,821,346,135 | 4.02% | 1,759,511,493 | -10.49% |
| 2026-06-11 00:00:00 | Ripple | 68,083,037,060 | -3.51% | 1,965,753,638 | 1.96% |
| 2026-06-10 00:00:00 | Ripple | 70,561,600,432 | -2.63% | 1,928,055,041 | -12.19% |
| 2026-06-12 00:00:00 | Tether | 186,751,885,416 | -0.01% | 50,458,809,532 | 5.82% |
| 2026-06-11 00:00:00 | Tether | 186,772,474,318 | -0.03% | 47,684,141,251 | -22.05% |
| 2026-06-10 00:00:00 | Tether | 186,820,889,028 | -0.03% | 61,174,740,613 | 4.03% |
Cryptocurrency Exchanges Volume and Variation
Trading volumes on major crypto exchanges showed mixed results on June 12, 2026. Binance reported a 4.57% volume increase to 130,674, while Bitfinex saw a significant 19.28% surge to 4,646. Coinbase’s volume rose 0.67% to 25,641. Conversely, Bybit’s volume dropped 11.87% to 39,800, and Crypto.com fell 16.84% to 19,221. OKX and Gate.io also reported volume decreases of 7.98% and 2.74%, respectively. These figures indicate varied liquidity and trading interest across different platforms.
| Date | Exchange | Volume | Variation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-06-12 00:00:00 | Binance | 130,674 | 4.57% |
| 2026-06-11 00:00:00 | Binance | 124,969 | -6.51% |
| 2026-06-10 00:00:00 | Binance | 133,678 | -4.10% |
| 2026-06-12 00:00:00 | Binance US | 207 | 2.99% |
| 2026-06-11 00:00:00 | Binance US | 201 | -14.47% |
| 2026-06-10 00:00:00 | Binance US | 235 | -7.11% |
| 2026-06-12 00:00:00 | Bitfinex | 4,646 | 19.28% |
| 2026-06-11 00:00:00 | Bitfinex | 3,895 | -19.79% |
| 2026-06-10 00:00:00 | Bitfinex | 4,856 | 9.20% |
| 2026-06-12 00:00:00 | Bybit | 39,800 | -11.87% |
| 2026-06-11 00:00:00 | Bybit | 45,160 | 1.19% |
| 2026-06-10 00:00:00 | Bybit | 44,630 | 4.09% |
| 2026-06-12 00:00:00 | Coinbase | 25,641 | 0.67% |
| 2026-06-11 00:00:00 | Coinbase | 25,470 | -14.70% |
| 2026-06-10 00:00:00 | Coinbase | 29,858 | -10.07% |
| 2026-06-12 00:00:00 | Crypto.com | 19,221 | -16.84% |
| 2026-06-11 00:00:00 | Crypto.com | 23,113 | -12.17% |
| 2026-06-10 00:00:00 | Crypto.com | 26,315 | 29.24% |
| 2026-06-12 00:00:00 | Gate.io | 35,693 | -7.98% |
| 2026-06-11 00:00:00 | Gate.io | 38,787 | -25.91% |
| 2026-06-10 00:00:00 | Gate.io | 52,352 | 28.90% |
| 2026-06-12 00:00:00 | Kraken | 15,610 | -15.83% |
| 2026-06-11 00:00:00 | Kraken | 18,545 | -4.26% |
| 2026-06-10 00:00:00 | Kraken | 19,371 | 7.44% |
| 2026-06-12 00:00:00 | KuCoin | 20,343 | 0.39% |
| 2026-06-11 00:00:00 | KuCoin | 20,264 | 15.83% |
| 2026-06-10 00:00:00 | KuCoin | 17,494 | 1.69% |
| 2026-06-12 00:00:00 | OKX | 24,481 | 2.74% |
| 2026-06-11 00:00:00 | OKX | 23,829 | -57.36% |
| 2026-06-10 00:00:00 | OKX | 55,883 | 125.87% |
Mining β Blockchain Technology
Mining difficulty remained stable at 138.96T from June 6th to June 12th, 2026, with no variation. Blocks mined showed consistent growth, increasing from 952.55K on June 6th to 953.29K on June 12th, a 0.01% daily variation. The block reward in BTC stayed constant at 3.13. Notably, the Hash Rate GB saw a significant 7.03% increase on June 12th, reaching 932.51B, following a 1.61% rise on June 11th. This indicates a rise in computational power dedicated to mining.
| Item | 2026-06-12 | 2026-06-11 | 2026-06-10 | 2026-06-09 | 2026-06-08 | 2026-06-07 | 2026-06-06 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Difficulty | 138.96T | 138.96T | 138.96T | 138.96T | 138.96T | 138.96T | 138.96T |
| Difficulty Variation | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Blocks | 953.29K | 953.16K | 953.03K | 952.91K | 952.78K | 952.67K | 952.55K |
| Blocks Variation | 0.01% | 0.01% | 0.01% | 0.01% | 0.01% | 0.01% | 0.01% |
| Reward BTC | 3.13 | 3.13 | 3.13 | 3.13 | 3.13 | 3.13 | 3.13 |
| Reward BTC Variation | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Hash Rate GB | 932.51B | 871.25B | 857.48B | 863.69B | 815.31B | 822.05B | 939.86B |
| Hash Rate GB Variation | 7.03% | 1.61% | -0.72% | 5.93% | -0.82% | -12.53% | -5.51% |
Taking stock
The crypto market presents a complex picture. On June 12, 2026, the Fear and Greed Index showed ‘extreme fear,’ yet major assets like Bitcoin and Ethereum saw positive price action and market capitalization growth. Bitcoin’s market cap rose 3.42% with a 9.03% volume increase, while Ethereum’s cap climbed 3.17% and volume increased 2.01%.
On-chain data from June 9, 2026, reveals growing network engagement with a 0.62% variation in active Bitcoin addresses. The mining environment remains stable, with consistent difficulty and block rewards. The hash rate, however, shows a notable upward trend, including a 7.03% increase on June 12, 2026, enhancing network security.
Upcoming economic events on June 11, 2026, such as high-impact PPI and Jobless Claims reports, introduce uncertainty. However, the positive momentum in key cryptocurrencies, supported by network activity and a robust mining infrastructure, suggests potential for continued upward movement in the short term, provided these economic indicators don’t trigger significant market downturns.
So What
For observers of the crypto market, the current environment suggests a potential disconnect between sentiment and fundamentals. While the ‘extreme fear’ from the Fear and Greed Index might signal caution, rising market caps and trading volumes for Bitcoin and Ethereum on June 12, 2026, indicate underlying buying pressure. The increase in active Bitcoin addresses and the growing hash rate point to a healthy, expanding network. This presents an opportunity for those who can look past short-term fear and identify value based on on-chain metrics and price action.
What next?
In the next 8 hours, watch the economic events scheduled for June 11, 2026, especially the ‘Jobless Claims Initial Claims β Level’ and ‘PPI-Final Demand’ reports, as they could significantly impact market volatility. Monitoring Bitcoin and Ethereum’s price action, particularly their ability to hold gains above June 11, 2026 levels ($62,615.82 for BTC, $1,660.84 for ETH), will be key. Also, observe the Fear and Greed Index trend to see if the current ‘extreme fear’ sentiment starts to shift.
Disclaimer β Informational Content, Not Investment Advice
Content provided herein is solely for informational purposes and should not be construed as a recommendation, endorsement, or suggestion to engage in any form of investment activity. The information presented in this post is not intended to serve as financial, legal, tax, or investment advice.
About the Author: CryptoTrends Team
With over five years of diving deep into cryptocurrencies and blockchain, we’ve cemented our position as experts in the digital currency realm. Our team has not only contributed to a multitude of pioneering blockchain projects but has also enlightened thousands with our incisive articles CryptoTrends. Always at the cutting edge of crypto trends, we proudly collaborate with CryptoBotStation, ensuring our readers stay one step ahead in this dynamic space.








