Crypto Market Analysis & Trend: Neutral/Trending Up
Bitcoin’s price recovered, hitting $78,196.67 on November 4th at 07:35:00, up 1.69% over the last 24 hours. This move follows a 1.58% dip on November 3rd, suggesting some market resilience. Its 24-hour variation stands at 1.78%, with volatility at 3.48%, pointing to active but contained trading.
Even with Bitcoin’s price climb, market sentiment stays cautious. The Fear and Greed Index from Alternative.me and Milkroad.com hit 34pt on November 4th, putting it in ‘fear’ territory. That’s up from 26pt on November 3rd, which was ‘extreme fear’. Coinstats.app also showed the index at 37pt on November 4th at 07:30:00. This lingering fear, despite Bitcoin’s gains, suggests underlying apprehension, likely fueled by recent negative news.
Bitcoin’s capitalization climbed 1.00% to $1.56 trillion on November 4th, while Ethereum’s rose 1.17% to $278.23 billion. Ripple saw an even larger 2.31% jump to $80.94 billion. Tether, however, dipped 0.52% to $178.94 billion. Trading volumes for most major cryptocurrencies were down; Ethereum’s volume plunged 27.98%, and Binance Coin’s fell 18.91% on November 4th. Bitcoin’s volume, in contrast, edged up a minor 0.30%. This divergence suggests capital is flowing selectively into certain assets, even as broader trading activity slows.
The market’s reacting to both positive price moves and significant negative news, creating a volatile environment where sentiment could shift quickly. Upcoming economic events, like the International Trade in Goods and Services Balance due at 13:30:00 on November 4th, could also introduce new variables.
What is important
The crypto market is sending mixed signals: Bitcoin shows price strength even as broader concerns linger. Bitcoin’s price hit $78,196.67 on November 4th at 07:35:00, climbing 1.69% and pushing its market capitalization up 1.00%.
But this positive price action clashes with a dominant ‘fear’ sentiment, with the Fear and Greed Index at 34pt on November 4th. This fear largely stems from a string of negative news, especially the $6.3 billion Binance hack, which used sophisticated social engineering like fake job interviews. The incident has fueled significant negative keyword mentions for ‘cryptocurrency’ and ‘binance’.
Trading volumes on major exchanges like Binance and Coinbase fell 16.16% and 18.61% respectively on November 4th, signaling less overall market activity despite some asset price gains. Yet, Bitcoin’s network health looks robust: mining difficulty holds steady at 140.58T, and the hash rate jumped 10.21% to 1.03T GB on November 4th.
Top 5 – Latest Headlines & Cryptocurrency News
π Hackers behind $6.3bn Binance heist Β΄used malware and bogus job interviewsΒ΄
– Hackers exploited a vulnerability at cryptocurrency exchange Binance, stealing approximately $63bn through a sophisticated phishing scheme involving bogus job interviews and malware. The attackers targeted users with fake job offers, tricking them into downloading malicious software that compromised their accounts. This incident highlights the increasing sophistication of cyber threats within the digital asset space.
π North Korean Hackers Laundering Record-Setting $6,400,000,000 Binance Haul via 12,000 Crypto Wallets Across 11 Chains: Elliptic
– North Korean hackers are reportedly laundering a staggering $6.4 billion in cryptocurrency, primarily through Binance. This operation involves an extensive network of over 12,000 crypto wallets spread across 11 different blockchain networks. The scale of this illicit activity highlights significant challenges in tracking and preventing crypto-related crime.
π Binance restores withdrawals for more Ethereum, Solana tokens after $6.3B hack
– Binance has resumed withdrawals for several Ethereum and Solana tokens following a significant hack. The exchange experienced a $6.3 billion hack, and the restoration of these withdrawal services indicates a step towards normalcy and security for affected users and token holders.
π Investors Pulled $1.3 Billion From Bitcoin and Ethereum ETFs in Two Days. How Low Could Prices Go?
– Investors withdrew $1.3 billion from Bitcoin and Ethereum ETFs within two days, signaling a potential downturn. This significant outflow suggests a loss of confidence or a shift in market strategy, raising questions about how far prices might fall. The data indicates a bearish sentiment in the short term for these major cryptocurrencies.
π South Korea demands stronger crypto safeguards following Binance hack
– South Korea is calling for enhanced cryptocurrency safeguards after the recent Binance hack. The Financial Services Commission (FSC) is pushing for stricter regulations to protect investors and prevent future security breaches in the digital asset space. This move highlights growing concerns about the security of cryptocurrency exchanges and the need for more robust oversight.
Factors Driving the Growth – Market Sentiment
Negative keywords, especially those tied to security breaches, heavily shape recent news sentiment. ‘Cryptocurrency’ appeared 31 times negatively against 4 positively. ‘Binance’ saw 29 negative mentions and only 3 positive, a direct reflection of the recent hack’s impact. ‘Bitcoin’ also registered more negative mentions (24) than positive (12), showing even the top crypto feels the broader market’s negative events. Terms like ‘hackers’ (8), ‘market’ (7), and ‘volatility’ (7) highlight ongoing worries about security and stability. These negative terms clearly show a market struggling with major security incidents and their fallout.
Positive Terms – Sentiment Analysis
| Occurrences | Keyword |
|---|---|
| 12 | bitcoin |
| 5 | ethereum |
| 4 | blockchain |
| 4 | cryptocurrency |
| 4 | defi |
| 4 | perpetual futures |
| 4 | tria |
| 3 | ai agents |
| 3 | banks |
| 3 | binance |
Negative Terms – Sentiment Analysis
| Occurrences | Keyword |
|---|---|
| 31 | cryptocurrency |
| 29 | binance |
| 24 | bitcoin |
| 8 | hackers |
| 7 | market |
| 7 | volatility |
| 6 | digital assets |
| 6 | hack |
| 5 | crypto |
| 5 | ethereum |
Crypto Investor Fear & Greed Index
The Fear and Greed Index shows persistent ‘fear’ in the crypto market. On November 4th, the index hit 34pt, according to Alternative.me and Milkroad.com, up from 26pt on November 3rd, which was ‘extreme fear’. Coinstats.app also reported the index at 37pt on November 4th at 07:30:00, a 1pt increase from earlier. This consistent ‘fear’ range (25-49pt) means investors remain cautious, despite small daily shifts. While it’s a slight move from ‘extreme fear’ to ‘fear’, we haven’t seen a full recovery to neutral or greedy sentiment.
| Date | Value | Variation | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-11-04 00:00:00 | 34pt | 8pt | Alternative.me |
| 2026-11-03 00:00:00 | 26pt | -11pt | Alternative.me |
| 2026-11-02 00:00:00 | 37pt | 0pt | Alternative.me |
| 2026-11-03 00:00:00 | 26pt | -11pt | BitDegree.org |
| 2026-11-02 00:00:00 | 37pt | 0pt | BitDegree.org |
| 2026-11-04 07:30:00 | 37pt | 1pt | Coinstats.app |
| 2026-11-04 05:40:00 | 36pt | 4pt | Coinstats.app |
| 2026-11-04 03:10:00 | 32pt | -1pt | Coinstats.app |
| 2026-11-04 03:00:00 | 33pt | -1pt | Coinstats.app |
| 2026-11-04 00:40:01 | 34pt | -1pt | Coinstats.app |
| 2026-11-04 00:00:00 | 35pt | -1pt | Coinstats.app |
| 2026-11-03 18:10:00 | 36pt | 1pt | Coinstats.app |
| 2026-11-03 12:30:00 | 35pt | 1pt | Coinstats.app |
| 2026-11-03 00:30:00 | 34pt | 1pt | Coinstats.app |
| 2026-11-03 00:00:00 | 33pt | 0pt | Coinstats.app |
| 2026-11-02 19:40:00 | 33pt | -1pt | Coinstats.app |
| 2026-11-02 17:40:00 | 34pt | -1pt | Coinstats.app |
| 2026-11-02 13:00:00 | 35pt | -2pt | Coinstats.app |
| 2026-11-02 00:10:04 | 37pt | 1pt | Coinstats.app |
| 2026-11-02 00:00:00 | 36pt | 0pt | Coinstats.app |
| 2026-11-04 00:00:00 | 34pt | 8pt | Milkroad.com |
| 2026-11-03 00:00:00 | 26pt | -11pt | Milkroad.com |
| 2026-11-02 00:00:00 | 37pt | 0pt | Milkroad.com |
Bitcoin: Active Addresses
Bitcoin address indicators from bitaps.com show total addresses at 1,558,893,235 on November 4th at 07:00:00. Zero balance addresses also hit 1,501,668,168 by 07:00:00. Addresses holding over 0.000001 BTC reached 5,031,424 within the same timeframe. Larger balances, like those with over 1 BTC, stayed relatively stable, with 822,533 addresses recorded on November 4th at 07:00:00. Data for ‘Bitcoin Active Addresses’ from btc.com for August 8th, 2026, shows zero values, making it an unreliable indicator for current activity.
| Date | Addresses | Variation | Indicator | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-11-04 07:00:00 | 1,558,893,235 | 0.00% | Total Addresses | bitaps.com |
| 2026-11-04 07:00:00 | 1,501,668,168 | 0.00% | Zero Balance Addresses | bitaps.com |
| 2026-11-04 07:00:00 | 541,155 | 0.00% | Addresses with over 0 | bitaps.com |
| 2026-11-04 07:00:00 | 219,422 | 0.00% | Addresses with over 0.0000001 | bitaps.com |
| 2026-11-04 07:00:00 | 5,031,424 | 0.00% | Addresses with over 0.000001 | bitaps.com |
| 2026-11-04 07:00:00 | 12,338,240 | 0.00% | Addresses with over 0.00001 | bitaps.com |
| 2026-11-04 07:00:00 | 14,139,941 | 0.01% | Addresses with over 0.0001 | bitaps.com |
| 2026-11-04 07:00:00 | 12,209,912 | 0.00% | Addresses with over 0.001 | bitaps.com |
| 2026-11-04 07:00:00 | 8,281,688 | -0.01% | Addresses with over 0.01 | bitaps.com |
| 2026-11-04 07:00:00 | 3,490,492 | 0.00% | Addresses with over 0.1 | bitaps.com |
| 2026-11-04 07:00:00 | 822,533 | 0.01% | Addresses with over 1 | bitaps.com |
| 2026-11-04 07:00:00 | 129,829 | 0.01% | Addresses with over 10 | bitaps.com |
| 2026-11-04 07:00:00 | 18,391 | -0.03% | Addresses with over 100 | bitaps.com |
| 2026-11-04 07:00:00 | 1,953 | 0.15% | Addresses with over 1,000 | bitaps.com |
| 2026-11-04 07:00:00 | 83 | 0.00% | Addresses with over 10,000 | bitaps.com |
| 2026-11-04 07:00:00 | 4 | 0.00% | Addresses with over 100,000 | bitaps.com |
Economic events to move the cryptocurrency market
Upcoming economic events might sway market sentiment short-term. The ‘International Trade in Goods and Services Balance’, a high-impact event, is set for November 4th at 13:30:00. This could spark volatility as markets react to the data. On November 5th at 13:30:00, ‘Jobless Claims Initial Claims – Level’ is another high-impact event to watch. Recent moderate-impact events included the ‘ISM Services Index Index’ on November 4th at 15:00:00 and the ‘ADP Employment Report Private Payrolls – M/M’ on November 4th at 13:15:00. These traditional economic indicators often ripple across financial markets, including crypto.
| Date | Impact | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 2026-11-05 13:30:00 | Moderate | Productivity and Costs Nonfarm Productivity – Annual Rate |
| 2026-11-05 13:30:00 | Moderate | Productivity and Costs Unit Labor Costs – Annual Rate |
| 2026-11-05 13:30:00 | High | Jobless Claims Initial Claims – Level |
| 2026-11-04 15:00:00 | Moderate | ISM Services Index Index |
| 2026-11-04 13:30:00 | High | International Trade in Goods and Services Balance |
| 2026-11-04 13:15:00 | Moderate | ADP Employment Report Private Payrolls – M/M |
| 2026-11-03 15:00:00 | Moderate | JOLTS Job Openings |
| 2026-11-03 15:00:00 | Moderate | Factory Orders Month over Month |
Crypto Assets Prices
Bitcoin’s price climbed to $78,196.67 on November 4th at 07:35:00, up 1.69% from its previous day’s $76,872.01. Its 24-hour variation hit 1.78%, with volatility at 3.48%. Ethereum, however, traded at $2,257.50 on November 3rd at 07:35:00, down 1.05% with a 24-hour variation of -1.19%. Binance Coin also fell, trading at $694.48 on November 3rd at 07:35:00, a 1.90% drop and a 24-hour variation of -1.89%. These figures show major cryptocurrencies diverging: Bitcoin gained strength while Ethereum and Binance Coin faced downward pressure.
| Date | Cryptocurrency | Price | Price Variation | 24h Variation | 24h Variation Difference | 24h Volatility | 24h Volatility Difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-11-04 07:35:00 | Bitcoin | 78,196.67 | 1.69% | 1.78% | 3.37% | 3.48% | 0.84% |
| 2026-11-03 07:35:00 | Bitcoin | 76,872.01 | -1.58% | -1.59% | -1.71% | 2.64% | 1.02% |
| 2026-11-02 07:35:00 | Bitcoin | 78,086.01 | 0.22% | 0.12% | -0.60% | 1.62% | 0.58% |
| 2026-11-03 07:35:00 | Ethereum | 2,257.50 | -1.05% | -1.19% | -1.67% | 3.01% | -0.10% |
| 2026-11-02 07:35:00 | Ethereum | 2,281.18 | 0.58% | 0.48% | -0.59% | 3.11% | 1.43% |
| 2026-11-03 07:35:00 | Binance Coin | 694.48 | -1.90% | -1.89% | -2.02% | 2.89% | 1.05% |
| 2026-11-02 07:35:00 | Binance Coin | 707.69 | 0.32% | 0.13% | -0.62% | 1.84% | 0.38% |
Cryptocurrency Capitalization and Volume
Major cryptocurrencies showed varied capitalization performance on November 4th. Bitcoin’s capitalization rose 1.00% to $1.56 trillion, with its 24-hour volume also up a modest 0.30% to $25.30 billion. Ethereum’s capitalization grew 1.17% to $278.23 billion, but its volume plunged 27.98% to $8.11 billion. Ripple saw the largest cap increase, jumping 2.31% to $80.94 billion, as its volume climbed 16.42%. Binance Coin’s capitalization edged up 0.05% to $91.87 billion, yet its volume fell 18.91%. Tether, a stablecoin, recorded a 0.52% drop in capitalization to $178.94 billion, with its volume down 9.69%.
| Date | Cryptocurrency | Capitalization | Capitalization Variation | Volume | Volume Variation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-11-04 00:00:00 | Binance Coin | 91,871,383,865 | 0.05% | 713,795,209 | -18.91% |
| 2026-11-03 00:00:00 | Binance Coin | 91,829,322,094 | -1.94% | 880,283,779 | 5.60% |
| 2026-11-02 00:00:00 | Binance Coin | 93,646,953,728 | 1.30% | 833,572,377 | 16.66% |
| 2026-11-04 00:00:00 | Bitcoin | 1,557,859,959,310 | 1.00% | 25,299,110,171 | 0.30% |
| 2026-11-03 00:00:00 | Bitcoin | 1,542,502,640,723 | -1.99% | 25,222,926,408 | -66.79% |
| 2026-11-02 00:00:00 | Bitcoin | 1,573,831,637,919 | 1.04% | 75,955,003,888 | 65.65% |
| 2026-11-04 00:00:00 | Ethereum | 278,229,185,837 | 1.17% | 8,111,861,939 | -27.98% |
| 2026-11-03 00:00:00 | Ethereum | 275,013,479,351 | -1.00% | 11,263,767,518 | 127.36% |
| 2026-11-02 00:00:00 | Ethereum | 277,800,520,147 | 0.88% | 4,954,054,121 | 11.83% |
| 2026-11-04 00:00:00 | Ripple | 80,941,352,948 | 2.31% | 1,619,570,636 | 16.42% |
| 2026-11-03 00:00:00 | Ripple | 79,114,408,756 | -0.12% | 1,391,110,226 | 77.28% |
| 2026-11-02 00:00:00 | Ripple | 79,212,403,032 | -0.03% | 784,697,846 | 4.00% |
| 2026-11-04 00:00:00 | Tether | 178,942,034,452 | -0.52% | 40,971,219,894 | -9.69% |
| 2026-11-03 00:00:00 | Tether | 179,882,876,870 | -0.05% | 45,368,263,666 | 69.09% |
| 2026-11-02 00:00:00 | Tether | 179,967,875,987 | -0.03% | 26,831,587,071 | 0.91% |
Cryptocurrency Exchanges Volume and Variation
Most major crypto exchanges saw trading volumes fall on November 4th. Binance, the largest, dropped 16.16% to 71,943. Coinbase’s volume fell 18.61% to 17,090, and Crypto.com cut 16.51% to 7,799. Gate.io and KuCoin also reported volume decreases of 7.34% and 15.47% respectively. However, Bybit’s volume climbed 17.74% to 28,891, and Bitfinex rose 8.62% to 2,985. This mixed performance points to a general cooling of trading activity on many platforms, likely signaling caution among traders.
| Date | Exchange | Volume | Variation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-11-04 00:00:00 | Binance | 71,943 | -16.16% |
| 2026-11-03 00:00:00 | Binance | 85,809 | 114.94% |
| 2026-11-02 00:00:00 | Binance | 39,923 | 16.14% |
| 2026-11-04 00:00:00 | Binance US | 158 | -32.77% |
| 2026-11-03 00:00:00 | Binance US | 235 | 201.28% |
| 2026-11-02 00:00:00 | Binance US | 78 | -12.36% |
| 2026-11-04 00:00:00 | Bitfinex | 2,985 | 8.62% |
| 2026-11-03 00:00:00 | Bitfinex | 2,748 | 101.76% |
| 2026-11-02 00:00:00 | Bitfinex | 1,362 | -31.73% |
| 2026-11-04 00:00:00 | Bybit | 28,891 | 17.74% |
| 2026-11-03 00:00:00 | Bybit | 24,539 | 80.77% |
| 2026-11-02 00:00:00 | Bybit | 13,575 | -1.38% |
| 2026-11-04 00:00:00 | Coinbase | 17,090 | -18.61% |
| 2026-11-03 00:00:00 | Coinbase | 20,997 | 125.51% |
| 2026-11-02 00:00:00 | Coinbase | 9,311 | -5.50% |
| 2026-11-04 00:00:00 | Crypto.com | 7,799 | -16.51% |
| 2026-11-03 00:00:00 | Crypto.com | 9,341 | 182.29% |
| 2026-11-02 00:00:00 | Crypto.com | 3,309 | -13.22% |
| 2026-11-04 00:00:00 | Gate.io | 20,910 | -7.34% |
| 2026-11-03 00:00:00 | Gate.io | 22,566 | 84.95% |
| 2026-11-02 00:00:00 | Gate.io | 12,201 | -22.87% |
| 2026-11-04 00:00:00 | Kraken | 19,693 | -5.23% |
| 2026-11-03 00:00:00 | Kraken | 20,780 | 88.28% |
| 2026-11-02 00:00:00 | Kraken | 11,037 | 53.23% |
| 2026-11-04 00:00:00 | KuCoin | 13,370 | -15.47% |
| 2026-11-03 00:00:00 | KuCoin | 15,816 | 70.93% |
| 2026-11-02 00:00:00 | KuCoin | 9,253 | -5.61% |
| 2026-11-04 00:00:00 | OKX | 22,154 | -12.13% |
| 2026-11-03 00:00:00 | OKX | 25,213 | 54.86% |
| 2026-11-02 00:00:00 | OKX | 16,281 | 3.05% |
Mining – Blockchain Technology
Bitcoin mining indicators show stable difficulty and block rewards, alongside a strong hash rate recovery. Mining difficulty held constant at 140.58T from October 29th through November 4th, with no variation. Mined blocks increased 0.01% to 974.46K on November 4th. Block rewards also stayed steady at 3.13 BTC daily. The hash rate, representing computational power, saw a significant rebound on November 4th, jumping 10.21% to 1.03T GB. This follows a substantial 13.68% decrease on November 3rd, suggesting mining operations and network security are quickly recovering.
| Item | 2026-11-04 | 2026-11-03 | 2026-11-02 | 2026-11-01 | 2026-10-31 | 2026-10-30 | 2026-10-29 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Difficulty | 140.58T | 140.58T | 140.58T | 140.58T | 140.58T | 140.58T | 140.58T |
| Difficulty Variation | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Blocks | 974.46K | 974.32K | 974.19K | 974.04K | 973.90K | 973.75K | 973.61K |
| Blocks Variation | 0.01% | 0.01% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.01% | 0.01% | 0.01% |
| Reward BTC | 3.13 | 3.13 | 3.13 | 3.13 | 3.13 | 3.13 | 3.13 |
| Reward BTC Variation | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Hash Rate GB | 1.03T | 937.09B | 1.09T | 1.09T | 1.06T | 1.01T | 1.01T |
| Hash Rate GB Variation | 10.21% | -13.68% | -0.68% | 2.92% | 5.00% | 0.51% | -8.33% |
Taking stock
The crypto market is complex: Bitcoin shows individual strength despite broader market apprehension. Bitcoin’s price climbed to $78,196.67, up 1.69% in the last 24 hours, and its market capitalization grew 1.00%. This upward move suggests investors trust Bitcoin as a primary asset, even as other major cryptos like Ethereum and Binance Coin saw price and volume declines.
The dominant ‘fear’ sentiment, with the Fear and Greed Index at 34pt, is a key factor driving market dynamics. This sentiment stems heavily from the recent $6.3 billion Binance hack, which has filled news cycles and created many negative keywords for ‘cryptocurrency’ and ‘binance.’ The attack’s sophisticated nature, using fake job interviews, raises serious cybersecurity concerns in the digital asset space.
Despite security concerns and cautious sentiment, the Bitcoin network itself looks robust. Mining difficulty holds steady at 140.58T, and the hash rate sharply recovered, jumping 10.21% to 1.03T GB on November 4th. This operational stability gives the network a solid foundation of confidence, even as external market factors create uncertainty.
So What
For today’s crypto market observers, the landscape is split. Bitcoin’s recent price climb to $78,196.67 suggests it’s holding its ground, possibly acting as a safe haven within the crypto space. This could mean sustained interest in Bitcoin, even if broader market sentiment stays cautious.
The major Binance hack, however, shows ongoing security risks in the exchange ecosystem. This event stresses the need for robust security practices for both users and platforms. Investors might consider diversifying holdings across exchanges or using self-custody solutions to cut down on counterparty risk.
Lower trading volumes on many major exchanges, like Binance’s 16.16% drop, suggest market participants are cautious. This could mean lower liquidity for some altcoins and potentially wider bid-ask spreads. Upcoming high-impact economic events, such as the International Trade Balance at 13:30:00 on November 4th, might bring external volatility. It’s smart to watch traditional financial news alongside crypto developments.
What next?
Over the next 8 hours, watch Bitcoin’s price action around $78,196.67. Will its upward momentum hold, or will it hit resistance? Any significant Bitcoin moves could sway the broader market, given its current resilience.
The high-impact economic event, ‘International Trade in Goods and Services Balance,’ set for November 4th at 13:30:00, is a key data release. Its outcome could spark reactions across global financial markets, potentially impacting crypto prices. Traders should look for immediate market shifts after this announcement.
Ongoing news about the Binance hack remains critical. While Binance has resumed withdrawals for some tokens, any new developments, like more details on stolen funds or added security measures, could affect market sentiment and exchange trading volumes. A sudden rise in negative keyword mentions for ‘hackers’ or ‘binance’ would signal heightened concern.
Disclaimer – Informational Content, Not Investment Advice
Content provided herein is solely for informational purposes and should not be construed as a recommendation, endorsement, or suggestion to engage in any form of investment activity. The information presented in this post is not intended to serve as financial, legal, tax, or investment advice.
About the Author: CryptoTrends Team
With over five years of diving deep into cryptocurrencies and blockchain, we’ve cemented our position as experts in the digital currency realm. Our team has not only contributed to a multitude of pioneering blockchain projects but has also enlightened thousands with our incisive articles CryptoTrends. Always at the cutting edge of crypto trends, we proudly collaborate with CryptoBotStation, ensuring our readers stay one step ahead in this dynamic space.








